中考名师讲堂(二) ▏英语 :直击“熟词生义” 突破阅读难关
中考名师讲堂(二) ▏英语 :直击“熟词生义” 突破阅读难关
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熟词生义是初中英语学习中常见的现象,指某些常见词汇在特定语境下具有不同于常规的含义或用法。这种现象既是初中英语考试的重难点,也是英语学习的关键突破口,需要通过系统积累和语境分析,精准理解词汇的灵活含义,从而提升语言综合能力。以下从定义特点、重要性、常见例子、学习方法及初中重要熟词生义单词总结等五方面进行归纳。
一、熟词生义的定义与特点
熟词生义的核心在于“一词多义”。例如,“bank”的常见含义是“银行”,但在“river bank”中表示“河岸”;“address”通常指“地址”,但也可作动词表示“处理、解决(问题)”。这类词汇的“生义”往往与上下文紧密相关,需通过语境判断具体含义。
二、掌握熟词生义的重要性
1.考试高频考点:阅读理解中常通过熟词生义设置理解障碍,完形填空要求根据上下文选择正确释义。
2.提升语言应用能力:正确理解词汇的延伸含义,有助于提高阅读速度和写作表达的丰富性。例如“develop”除了“发展”,还可表示“冲洗(照片)”或“患病”。
3.避免误解:如“I’m touched”并非“被触碰”,而是“我被感动了”,忽略生义可能导致沟通偏差。
三、典型例子解析
Let down:熟义为“放下”,生义为“使失望”(如:He let me down by breaking his promise)。
Company:常见义为“公司”,但在“keep someone company”中表示“陪伴”。
四、学习方法建议
1.结合语境推断:遇到熟悉词汇时,先通过上下文猜测可能含义,再验证是否合理。
2.积累高频熟词生义:整理考试常见词汇(如ask,close,tell等),分类记忆不同用法。
3.多维度练习:通过完形填空、句子翻译等题型强化应用能力,例如区分“bear(忍受)”与“bear(熊)”的用法差异。
五、初中重要熟词生义单词:
A
1. appear
① 出现 (vi.)
A ship appeared on the horizon.(disappear消失)
② 好象,似乎 (vi.)
She appears to have many friends.
2. apply
① 申请(for)(vi.)
Mr.Wang decided to apply for the job.
② 运用、应用 (to)(vt.)
Our teacher applies this teaching method to his class.
3. arm
手臂(n.) 武装 (v.)
Lay down your arms or we'll fire!
放下武器,否则,我们就开枪了!
Police say the man is armed with guns and very dangerous.
警察说该男子携有枪,十分危险。
4. area
① 地区 (n.)
Do you like the area where you are living?
② 面积 (n.)
The city covers an area of 30,000 square kilometer.
5. ask (熟义:问)
要求(vt.)
The teacher asked that all the students stay at the classroom. 老师要求所有学生呆在教室
B
1. break
① 打破、打碎 (vt.)
The boy broke the windows of the house.
② 休息 (n.)
We have been working all the morning,let`s have a break.
2. book (熟义:书)
预定,预购(v.)
I would like to book three seats for tonight’s concert.
我想预定今晚音乐会的三个座位。
C
1. can (熟义:能)
罐头(n.) 做成罐头 (vt.)
2. capital (熟义:首都)
大写字母;资本(n.)
Write your name in block capitals, please.
姓名请用大写。
3. change (熟义:变化)
零钱,找头(n.)
Have you got change for a five-pound note?
你有没有5英镑的零钱?
4. charge
① 负责 (n.)
The young man is in charge of the company.
② 充电 (vt.)
My cellphone is fully charged.
③ 收取(费用)(vt.)
How much do you charge me for mending shoes?
④ 指控 (vt.)
He was charged with murder.
5. cost (熟义:花费;值……)
使失去(生命、健康等)(vt.)
Careless driving cost his life.
粗心的驾驶使他付出生命的代价。
6. course (熟义:过程)
课程;航线;一道菜(n.)
I’d like to take a refresher course to improve my driving.
我想参加补习训练以提高自己的驾驶技术。
The plane was off the course.
飞机偏离航向。
They were treated with a five-course dinner for lunch.
招待他们五道菜的正餐。
7. company
① 公司 (n.)
He worked in the company last year.
② 友伴、陪伴 (n.)
keep sb company I will stay here and keep you company.
8. close
① 关 (vt.)
Close the door when you leave the room.
② 靠近的 (adj.)
The church is close to our school.
③ 亲密的、亲近的 (adj.) a close friend
④ 位置接近地 (adv.)
The girl felt very cold,so she stood close to her mother.
9. check
① 核查 (vt.)
Let me check your answer.
② 支票 (n.)
I will ask the boss for the check.
10.count(熟义:数、数目)
重要(vi.);认为 (vt.)
Every minute counts.
每分每秒都重要。
D
1. date (熟义:日期;枣子)
追溯;约会(v.)
The ancient temple has a long history and can date back to the year 1890AD.
They have been dating for a long time.
他们一直频频约会。
2. dear(熟义:亲爱的) 昂贵的
Clothes are getting dearer.
衣服越来越贵了。
3. desert (熟义:沙漠)
离开,抛弃(vt.)
We sheltered from the storm in a deserted garage.
我们在一间空无人住的茅屋里躲暴风雨。
4. develop
① 发展 (vt.)
② 冲洗(相片) (vt.)
③养成(习惯) (vt.)
5. drive
① 驾驶 (vt.)
I drove a car to visit my parents.
② 驱使、驱赶 (vt.)
The boy was driven out of the club.
E
1. earth (熟义:地球)
泥土(n.)
He covered the roots of the plant with earth.
他用泥土把植物的根埋起来。
2. easy (熟义:容易的)
舒适的,安分的,轻松的(adj.)
Now we are leading an easy life.
现在我们过着舒适的生活。
F
1. fall (熟义:v. 掉落)
n. 秋天;瀑布
His father passed away in the fall of 1970.
他父亲在1970年的秋季过世。
The falls upstream are full of salmons.
该瀑布上游有许多大马哈鱼。
2. fine (熟义:adj.好的,晴朗的)
v.&n. 罚款
He was fined $200.
他被罚了200美元。
3. fair
① 公平的 (adj.)
It is fair to do the bargain.
② 展览会、集市 (n.) a world fair 世界博览会
4. firm (熟义:n. 公司)
adj. 坚定的,牢固的
You must be firm where you think you are right.
你认为对的地方立场一定要坚定。
5. fire (熟义:n. 火)
v. 开除
He was fired for stealing from the counter.
他因从柜台偷钱而遭解雇。
6. flat (熟义:n. 公寓,套房)
adj. 平躺的, 平伸的, 扁平的
The earthquake laid the city flat.
地震把这座城市夷为平地。
7. fix
① 固定、安装 (vt.)
Fix a shelf to the wall.
② 修理 (vt.)
My watch has stopped——it needs fixing.
③ 确定 (vt.)
The time for our meeting has been fixed already.
④ 凝视 (vt.)
Her eyes were fixed on the nice dress.
8. fit
① 合适的 (adj.)
The food is not fit for babies.
② 健康的 (adj.)
Do some sports to keep fit.
③ 合适,合身 (vt.)
The shoes fit me well.
9. figure
① 外型 (n.)
② 图形 (n.)
③数字 (n.)
④figure out 弄明白;计算出
I can't figure out why he quittedhis job.
10. form
① 表格 (n.)
Please fill in the form.
② 形式 (n.)
water in the form of ice
③ 形成 (vt.)
He forms a good habit.
G
1. gift
① 礼物 (n.)
I will buy a gift for my mother on Mothers' Day.
② 天赋 (n.)
The girl has a gift for music.
2. grade (熟义:n. 年级)
n & v. 成绩,评分等级;给…评分
She got excellent grades in her exams.
她考试成绩优异。
The term papers have been graded.
期末试卷已评完分数了。
3. grow (熟义:v. 生长,成长,种植)
v. (体积或数量)增加;变大
You must invest if you want your business to grow.
要想使生意扩大,必须投资。
H
1. head (熟义:头)
v. 动身去
The ship was heading for Shanghai.
这艘船开往上海。
2. home ( 熟义:家)
adj. 本国的
The cars are made for the home market.
这些小车生产出来在国内销售。
3. hold
① 抓住 (vt.)
The girl was holding her father's hand. Hold on please.
② 举行 (vt.)
A meeting was held last week.
③ 容纳 (vt.)
I don't think the car will hold you all.
④ 占据 (vt.)
She holds the post of manager.
I
1. iron (熟义:铁)
n.&v. 熨斗;用熨斗烫
Mother is ironing my shirt with an electric iron.
妈妈用电熨斗在给我熨衬衣。
2. interest
①使感兴趣 (vt.)
What he said doesn't interest me at all.
②兴趣 (n.)
The little girl shows an interest in singing.
③利益;利息 (n.)
J
1. jam (熟义:果酱)
vt./n.(使)塞满;(使)堵塞,困境
The accident jammed the main road for three hours.
这次事故使交通堵塞达三小时之久。
There are many traffic jams in Chongqing.
重庆经常塞车。
2. just (熟义:adv. 正好;恰好)
adj. 公道的;公正的
That is a just decision.
那是公正的判决。
K
key
① 钥匙 (n.)
I can't find the key to the door.
② 答案 (n.) a test with key 附答案的测试题
③ (打字机、钢琴等的)键 (n.)
④ 关键、要害 (n.)
Diet and exercise are the key to good health.
L
1. last
① 最后、 最近 (adv.)
He came last in the race.
②最后的,末尾的 (adj.)
She is the last one to come to the classroom.
③持续 (vi.)
How long do you think this fine weather will last?
2. leave
① 离开 (vi.)
He left Beijing for Shanghai.
② 留下 (vt.)
Some one left this note for you.
③ 把……忘记 (vt.)
I left my key at the office.
④ 使、让 (vt.)
Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.
⑤ 假,假期
She asked for leave when her mother was ill.
3.lift
① 举起 (vt.)
He can lift the heavy stone.
② 电梯 (n.)
It's on the sixth floor---Let's take the lift.
③ 搭便车 (n.)
I will give you a lift to the station.
M
1. make (熟义:v. 制造;使)
v. 演变成(某事物);结果是
If you train hard, you will make a good footballer.
你要刻苦训练就能成为优秀的足球运动员。
2. mean (熟义:v. 意味着;打算)
adj.吝啬的;卑鄙的
He is so mean and selfish that it is very difficult to make friends with him.
3. meet
① 遇见、遇到 (vt.)
He met an old friend yesterday.
② 满足
In order to meet the needs of the readers we will reprint the bestseller.
③(在车站、机场)接(人)
I will meet you at the airport.
4. match
① 比赛(n.)
There will be a basketball match on Saturday.
② 火柴(n.)
He stroke a match to light up the room.
③ 与….相配
The hat matches her dress very well.
5. mine (熟义:pron. 我的)
n & v. 采矿, 矿
When a gold mine was discovered in California, there was a gold rush.
在California发现金矿后,人们都去掏金了。
6. miss (熟义:v. 想念)
v. 错过,未击中,未看见
He shot at the bird but missed.
他打鸟未打中。
He missed the point of my joke.
他没有听懂我讲的笑话。
O
1. operate (熟义:v. 动手术)
v. 操作,操纵;管理 ,经营
He operates the lift.
他是开电梯的。
They operate three factories and a huge warehouse.
他们管着三家工厂和一个大仓库。
2. order (熟义:n & v. 命令)
n. 次序;秩序;点菜
n & v. 订购
Some teachers find it difficult to keep order in their classes.
有些老师觉得课堂秩序很难维持。
We ordered two glasses of milk and some bread.
我们点了两杯牛奶和一些面包。
P
1. park (熟义:n. 公园)
v. 停车;(暂时)留下(某人),寄存(某物)
Your car is very badly parked.
你的汽车停放得不好。
Park yourself in that chair while I make you a cup of tea.
你坐在那张椅子上,我给你沏茶去。
2.pretty (熟义:adj. 漂亮的,可爱的)
adv. 相当
She seemed pretty satisfied with the result.
她对那结果似乎相当满意。
3. present
① 礼物 (n.)
He sent me a present for my birthday.
② 在场的、出席的 (adj.)
There were 200 people present at the meeting.
③ 目前,当前 (n.)
I am afraid I can`t help you at present——I am too busy
④ 提出、介绍 (vt.)
He presented his report to the manager when he finished it.
R
1. race
① 竞赛 (n.) a horse-race
② 种族 (n.) people of mixed race
2. raise
① 提高、举起 (vt.)
Raise your voice to make yourself heard.
② 饲养;抚养 (vt.)
My mother raised pigs at the countryside.
③ 筹集;集资 (vt.)
The man raised money to build a primary school.
3. room (熟义:n. 房间 )
n. 空间
There is no room for so many people.
4. run (熟义:v. 跑,行驶 )
v. 经营;管理
He has no idea of how to run a successful business.
他不知道把企业办好的方法。
S
1. save
① 拯救 (vt.)
He jumped into water and saved the drowning man.
② 节约 (vt.)
Save water,please.
③ 储蓄 (vt.)
The girl saves some money for travel.
2. serve
① 服务、服役 (vt.)
He served in the army during the war.
② 供(某人)饭菜、上菜 (vt.)
Learn to serve at table.
3. sentence (熟义:n. 句子)
v. 判决,宣判
He has been sentenced to pay a fine of 1000 pounds.
他被判罚款1000英镑。
3. service
① 服务 (n.)
The food is good at the hotel, but the service is poor.
② 公用事业的业务或工作状态 (n.) a bus/train service
4. since
① 自从……(以来)
I have worked in the company since I graduated from college.
② 既然
Since you like the car,why don't you buy it?
5. should
① 应该
You should clean your classroom every day.
② 竟然
I can't believe that he should speak to his parents like that.
6. spring
① 春天 (n.)
The weather is warm in spring.
② 泉水 (n.) a hot spring 温泉
7. some
① 一些
Give me some paper, please.
② 某一(在单数可数名词之前)
Some Mr. Smith is waiting for you.
8. support
① 支持 (vt./n.)
The chair can't suport you two——you are too heavy.
② 赡养 (vt.)
He has a big family to suport.
T
1. train
① 训练 (vt.)
He was trained as a engineer.
② 火车(一列)(n.)
I went home by train last week.
2. treat
① 对待 (vt.)
The woman treats the baby as her own child.
② 治疗 (vt.)
She was treated for sunstroke(中暑).
W
1. when (熟义:conj. 当…时候)
conj. 那时突然;既然,考虑到
I was about to leave when it began to rain.
我刚要离开,突然下起雨来。
2. while (熟义:conj. 当… 时候 )
conj. 然而;尽管,虽然
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在,但我没说这些问题不能解决。
3. wonder (熟义:v. 想知道)
v. 感到惊奇,惊叹
We wondered at the speed with which it arrived.
我们赞叹其到达速度之快。
4. word (熟义:n. 单词,话 )
n. 消息(不可数名词)
Word came that I was needed at home.
有信儿来说家里需要我。
5. will
① 将(一般将来时)
I will stay at home if it rains .
② 意志(品质)(n.)
The old woman has a strong will.
③ 愿望 (n.) against one‘s will 违反某人的意愿
6. well
① 好地 (adv.)
He can play football very well.
② 井 (n.)
The water in the well is very cool.
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